272 research outputs found
Surface Plasmonics and Its Applications in Infrared Sensing
Surface plasmonic waves have been extensively researched due to their strong surface confinement. The strong surface confinement allows high absorption in an infrared (IR) detector with a thin active absorption region. The excitation of surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) depends on the metallic structures and the interface materials. This enables engineering of plasmonic-enhanced IR detector properties (e.g. detection wavelength, polarization and angular dependence) by properly designing the plasmonic structures. This chapter first gives a brief review of the surface plasmonic waves, followed by the description of SPR excitation in a metallic two-dimensional (2D) sub-wavelength hole array (2DSHA) structure. The applications of the 2DSHA SPR in IR detector enhancement are then presented with a discussion of the polarization and angular dependence
Real-time volumetric image reconstruction and 3D tumor localization based on a single x-ray projection image for lung cancer radiotherapy
Purpose: To develop an algorithm for real-time volumetric image
reconstruction and 3D tumor localization based on a single x-ray projection
image for lung cancer radiotherapy. Methods: Given a set of volumetric images
of a patient at N breathing phases as the training data, we perform deformable
image registration between a reference phase and the other N-1 phases,
resulting in N-1 deformation vector fields (DVFs). These DVFs can be
represented efficiently by a few eigenvectors and coefficients obtained from
principal component analysis (PCA). By varying the PCA coefficients, we can
generate new DVFs, which, when applied on the reference image, lead to new
volumetric images. We then can reconstruct a volumetric image from a single
projection image by optimizing the PCA coefficients such that its computed
projection matches the measured one. The 3D location of the tumor can be
derived by applying the inverted DVF on its position in the reference image.
Our algorithm was implemented on graphics processing units (GPUs) to achieve
real-time efficiency. We generated the training data using a realistic and
dynamic mathematical phantom with 10 breathing phases. The testing data were
360 cone beam projections corresponding to one gantry rotation, simulated using
the same phantom with a 50% increase in breathing amplitude. Results: The
average relative image intensity error of the reconstructed volumetric images
is 6.9% +/- 2.4%. The average 3D tumor localization error is 0.8 mm +/- 0.5 mm.
On an NVIDIA Tesla C1060 GPU card, the average computation time for
reconstructing a volumetric image from each projection is 0.24 seconds (range:
0.17 and 0.35 seconds). Conclusions: We have shown the feasibility of
reconstructing volumetric images and localizing tumor positions in 3D in near
real-time from a single x-ray image.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Medical Physics Lette
Fast Monte Carlo Simulation for Patient-specific CT/CBCT Imaging Dose Calculation
Recently, X-ray imaging dose from computed tomography (CT) or cone beam CT
(CBCT) scans has become a serious concern. Patient-specific imaging dose
calculation has been proposed for the purpose of dose management. While Monte
Carlo (MC) dose calculation can be quite accurate for this purpose, it suffers
from low computational efficiency. In response to this problem, we have
successfully developed a MC dose calculation package, gCTD, on GPU architecture
under the NVIDIA CUDA platform for fast and accurate estimation of the x-ray
imaging dose received by a patient during a CT or CBCT scan. Techniques have
been developed particularly for the GPU architecture to achieve high
computational efficiency. Dose calculations using CBCT scanning geometry in a
homogeneous water phantom and a heterogeneous Zubal head phantom have shown
good agreement between gCTD and EGSnrc, indicating the accuracy of our code. In
terms of improved efficiency, it is found that gCTD attains a speed-up of ~400
times in the homogeneous water phantom and ~76.6 times in the Zubal phantom
compared to EGSnrc. As for absolute computation time, imaging dose calculation
for the Zubal phantom can be accomplished in ~17 sec with the average relative
standard deviation of 0.4%. Though our gCTD code has been developed and tested
in the context of CBCT scans, with simple modification of geometry it can be
used for assessing imaging dose in CT scans as well.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, and 1 tabl
A new column-generation-based algorithm for VMAT treatment plan optimization
We study the treatment plan optimization problem for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). We propose a new column-generation-based algorithm that takes into account bounds on the gantry speed and dose rate, as well as an upper bound on the rate of change of the gantry speed, in addition to MLC constraints. The algorithm iteratively adds one aperture at each control point along the treatment arc. In each iteration, a restricted problem optimizing intensities at previously selected apertures is solved, and its solution is used to formulate a pricing problem, which selects an aperture at another control point that is compatible with previously selected apertures and leads to the largest rate of improvement in the objective function value of the restricted problem. Once a complete set of apertures is obtained, their intensities are optimized and the gantry speeds and dose rates are adjusted to minimize treatment time while satisfying all machine restrictions. Comparisons of treatment plans obtained by our algorithm to idealized IMRT plans of 177 beams on five clinical prostate cancer cases demonstrate high quality with respect to clinical dose–volume criteria. For all cases, our algorithm yields treatment plans that can be delivered in around 2 min. Implementation on a graphic processing unit enables us to finish the optimization of a VMAT plan in 25–55 s.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98593/1/0031-9155_57_14_4569.pd
Case report: Giant cystic ileal gastrointestinal stromal tumor with an atypical intratumoral abscess
BackgroundGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are typically solid, sometimes with small cystic areas, but rarely manifest as predominantly cystic neoplasms. In addition, cystic intestinal GISTs with intratumoral abscess formation are rare.Case presentationWe present the case of a 49-year-old male patient with a history of frequent and urgent urination for 2 weeks. Radiologic studies revealed a large cystic mass in the lower abdomen. The patient underwent abdominal laparotomy, which revealed a large cystic mass arising from the distal ileum invading the sigmoid mesocolon and apex vesicae. Partial resection of the ileum along with the tumor and the adjacent bladder was performed. Macroscopic examination revealed that the cystic mass contained a large amount of foul-smelling pus and a tumor-bowel fistula. The final pathology revealed an abdominal stromal tumor. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and adjuvant imatinib mesylate 400 mg was administered daily. No tumor recurrence or metastasis was observed during the 9-month follow-up period.ConclusionFingings of a cystic tumor in the abdomen should raise concern for cystic GISTs. This case report reviews a rare presentation of an ileal giant cystic GIST with atypical intratumoral abscess formation. Complete surgical resection and adjuvant imatinib is still the mainstay treatment for GISTs
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